TUGAS 4

BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF

We use these to express a reason.

We use because before a clause (a sentence subject verb and complement).
Use because of when you put the noun after the reason.

Examples:
I went to sleep because I was tired.

[Use because and NOT because of >> it is followed by a sentence I (Subject) was (verb) tired (complement)]

I had to go early to the office because of the meeting

[Use because of >> it is followed by a noun (meeting)]


-Maria left the party because she was feeling sick.
-Carlos couldn't play because of his injury (lesion).
-I didn't pass the test because I didn't study.
-I feel so sad because of his death.


Because

Because often introduces new information which is not known to the listener/reader. It puts more emphasis on the reason. When the reason is the most important part of the sentence, the because-clause usually comes at the end.

• We had dinner after ten o' clock because dad arrived late.
• He bought a new home because he won a lottery.
• I read because I like reading.

A because-clause can stand alone.

• Why are you crying? Because John hit me.

1. Please don’t let your children walk alone _______________the walkway is slippery when wet.
2. Alex missed the penalty _______________lack of concentration.
3. _______________ thick fog at the airport, Louis and Tim had to stay in Ankara one more day.
4. Unfortunately she had to give up singing __________________she had a serious throat problem.
5. You are not allowed to enter this secured area ________________ you don’t have an official permit.
6. We decided to buy that house ______________ its low price.
7. _____________the elecrticity was cut off, we went to bed early.
8. We can’t go to school by public transport tomorrow ____________ the srtike.
9. I had to overwork last week _____________my manager wanted me to finish the reports.
10. People always trust him _______________his honesty.

NOUN CLAUSE

• Noun is used as a subject or an object.
• Noun Clause is used as a subject. In other words, a noun clause is used in the same ways as a noun.
• Noun Clause is a clause functioning as a Noun. It has it's own subject and verb. 
• Noun Clause can't stand alone as a sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause, a main clause.
• Because of it's function as a noun, the noun clause can occupy the following positions:

1.      Subject of a sentence

2.      Object of a transitive verb

3.      Object of a preposition

4.      Complement

5.      Noun in apposition  

• According to the original sentence types, Noun Clause can be classified into 4 types, namely : 

1.      Statement

2.      Question

3.      Request

4.      Exclamation

• The Example of Noun Clauses.

1. Her story was interesting =====> What he said was interesting.
2. I heard her story =====> I heard what she said.
3. I liked his jacket =====> I liked what he wore.
4. His performance was amazing =====> What he shew was amazing.

• Noun Clauses which begin with "a Question words". 

1. Where did Frank go? =====> I don't know where he went.
2. What is that boy's name? =====> I don't know what his name is.
3. When is that girl's birthday? =====> I don't know when her birthday.
4. Who lives there? =====> I don't know who lives there.
5. Why did Fernando leave? =====> I don't know why he left.
6. How old is Peter? =====> I don't know how old he is.

• Noun Clauses which begin with "WHETHER" or "If".

1. Will Alex come? =====> I don't know (whether / if) he will come or not.
2. Is David at home? =====> I don't know (whether / if) David is at home or not.
3. Does she need help? =====> I wonder (whether / if) she needs help.
4. Did Luiz go to Bali? =====> I wonder (whether / if) Luiz went to Bali.

• Noun Clauses which begin with "THAT".

1. I think that she is a good actress.
2. I feel that he will do well on the exam.
3. I doubt that he will come today.
4. It's a fact that Nicholas is a good student.
5. I regret that she failed on the test.

• Question words followed by Infinitives.

1. Please tell me where I should meet you.
2. I don't know what I should do.
3. He told me where to find it.

NOT ONLY BUT ALSO

When not only is followed by but also (or simply but), it's considered good form to make sure the parts that follow each set of words are formatted the same way.

·         He is not only a great swimmer, but also a great musician. (Good: the sentence uses two noun clauses, which are underlined.)

·         He is not only a great swimmer, but also plays amazing music. (Bad: the sentence uses a noun clause and a verb clause. It's bad because they don't match.)

You could make the second example better by rewriting it with two verb clauses:

·         He not only swims with ease, but also plays amazing music

• Mr. Anderson is not only accused, but also convicted.

1.My friend, Jack, likes ....... Tina and Riana.

a. Either                c. Or

b. Both                  d. Nor

2. ........... the girl or the women do not wait in the room.

a. Either                c. Neither           

b. Does                 d. Both

3. ........... the girl or the women ............ not in the room at the moment.

a. Either – is                        c. Neither

b. Neither – were            d. Neither – was

4. Neither my brothers ............... my friends are at school every day.

a. And              c. Or

b. But also       d. Nor

5. Neither the boys ............ the man.............. here every day by car.

a. Or – came       c. Nor – come

b. And – wait      d. Nor – comes

6. My father .................... likes swimming but also likes playing tennis.

a. Not only          c. Only

b. Neither            d. Both

7. ............... the boys but also the girl .................. English very day.

a. Not only – study          c. Not only – practises

b. Not only – learn           d. Not only – practise

8. ............... my English teacher and my headmaster .................. very kind and smart.

a. Both – is          c. Or – are

b. Both – are      d. Nor – are

9. We should learn to accept our weaknesses and our strengths.

(not only...but also)

10.I've betrayed your trust. I've betrayed your love for me. (not only...but also)

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kita tidak dapat mengatakan seperti "we do something", "we did something" atau "we are going to do something" jika kenyataannya orang lain yang mengerjakan perkerjaan itu. Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kalau Anda berkata "I am going to cut my hair", berarti Anda duduk di kursi, di depan cermin, dan dengan gunting di tangan Anda, Anda memotong rambut Anda sendiri.

Maka untuk mengatakan bahwa orang lain lah yang mengerjakan perkerjaan itu untuk kita, maka strukturnya yang tepat adalah to have something done:

1. I am going to have my hair cut.
2. I have my car serviced every two months.
3. We had the house redecorated over the summer

Anda boleh juga menggunakan kata "get" sebagai pengganti "have":

1. I am going to get my hair cut.
2. I get my car serviced every two months.
3. We got the house redecorated over the summer.

HAVE SOMETHING DONE

1. Yesterday, (I / cut / my hair) .
2. Every Friday, (Joe / wash / his car) .
3. Tomorrow, (she / repair / her shower) .
4. Each Saturday, (we / deliver / a pizza) to our home.
5. Last year, (Bob / clean / his house) by a charwoman.
6. As Phil had a broken arm, (he / type / his texts) by his secretary.
7. (I / pick up / the goods) tomorrow in the afternoon.
8. (we / redecorate / our walls) last summer.
9. Whenever Clara is staying at this hotel, (she / carry / her bags) into her room.
10. (we / organise / our last party) by professionals.

DEGREE OF COMPARISON

Degree of Comparison atau sering juga disebut dengan "Comparative Degree" adalah bentuk keterangan yang berfungsi untuk membandingkan kualitas, kondisi, besar dll dari satu benda dengan benda yang lainnya. Sebelum kita membahas mengenai topik ini, ada baiknya kita mengingat bentuk kaidah-kaidah perubahan kata sifat menjadi tingkat lebih (comparative) dan tingkat paling (superlative).

1. Kata Sifat dengan 1 suku kata

Kata sifat yang terdiri dari 1 suku kata, seperti big, small, old, thin, dll kita hanya perlu menambahkan akhiran "-er" untuk tingkat lebih (Comparative) dan akhiran "-est" untuk tingkat paling (Superlative).
Contoh:

• Big - bigger - biggest = Besar - Lebih besar - Paling besar
• Small - smaller - smallest = Kecil - Lebih kecil - paling kecil
• Thin - thinner - thinnest = Tipis - lebih tipis - paling tipis
• Old - older - oldest = Tua - lebih tua - paling tua
• Dll.

Contoh Kalimat:

• Your house is bigger than mine, but Alex's house is the biggest.
  (Rumahmu lebih besar daripada rumahku, tapi rumahnya Alex lah yang paling besar.)
• Your house is smaller than Alex's, but mine is the smallest.
  (Rumahmu lebih kecil daripada rumahnya Alex, tapi rumahkulah yang paling kecil)
• You should bring the thinner book.
  (Kamu seharusnya membawa buku yang lebih tipis)
• I am 20 years old. Budi is 21 years old. Andi is 22 years old.
• I am younger than Budi and Budi is younger than Andi. I am the youngest boy here.
  (Saya lebih muda daripada Budi dan Budi lebih muda daripada Andi. Saya anak yang paling muda disini)
• Andi is older than Budi and Budi is older than I am, so Andi is the oldest.
  (Andi lebih tua daripada Budi dan Budi lebih tua daripada saya, jadi Andi yang paling tua)

2. Kata Sifat yang lebih dari 1 suku kata

Kata sifat yang terdiri lebih dari 1 suku kata, maka kita perlu menambahkan kata "more" sebelum kata benda untuk tingkat lebih (Comparative) dan "most" untuk tingkat paling (Superlative).
Contoh:

• Beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful = Cantik - Lebih cantik - Paling Cantik
• Expensive - more expensive - most expensive = Mahal - Lebih mahal - Paling mahal
• Interesting - more interesting - most interesting = Menarik - Lebih menarik - paling menarik
• Dll

Contoh Kalimat:

• You look more beautiful with that dress, still I am the most beautiful woman in this party.
  (Kamu kelihatan lebih cantik dengan gaun itu, tapi tetap saja akulah yang paling cantik di pesta ini.)
• My Handphone is more expensive than yours but Jack's is the most expensive Handphone here.
  (HPku lebih mahal daripada punyamu, tapi HPnya Jacklah yang paling mahal disini)

3. Kata Sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf "y"

Khusus untuk kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf "y" walaupun terdiri lebih dari 1 suku kata, maka kita harus menambahkan akhiran "-er" untuk tingkat lebih (Comparative) dan akhiran "-est" untuk tingkat paling (Superlative) dengan terlebih dahulu mengganti akhiran "y" tadi menjadi "i".
Contoh:

• Happy - happier - happiest - Senang - Lebih senang - paling senang
• Easy - easier - easiest - Mudah - Lebih mudah - paling mudah
• Busy - busier - busiest - Sibuk - lebih sibuk - paling sibuk

Contoh Kalimat:

• I am the happiestman in this world.
  (Saya adalah orang yang paling bahagia di dunia ini!)
• This examination is easier than I imagined before.
  (Ujian ini lebih mudah dari yang saya bayangkan sebelumnya)

4. Kata Sifat yang berakhiran dengan some, ow, le, dan er

Khusus kata sifat yang berakhiran "-some", "-ow", "-le", dan "-er", Anda dapat menambahkan kata "more" atau "er" sebelum kata benda untuk tingkat lebih (Comparative) dan "most" atau "est" untuk tingkat paling (Superlative). Namun pada umumnya, awalan "more" dan "most" paling banyak digunakan.
Contoh:

• Handsome - more handsome/handsomer - most handsome/handsomest
• Narrow - more narrow/narrower - most narrow/narrowest
• Gentle - more gentle/gentler - most gentle/gentlest
• Clever - more clever/cleverer - most clever/cleverest

Contoh kalimat:

• I think Yusuf is the most handsome people in this class.
  (Saya rasa Yusuf adalah orang tertampan di kelas ini)
• His brother is cleverer than he is.
  (Abangnya lebih pintar daripada dia)

5. Kata Sifat  tak beraturan

Ada beberapa kata sifat yang mempunyai bentuk tidak beraturan untuk Comparative dan Superlative-nya.
Contoh:

• Good - well - best = Baik - Lebih baik - Paling baik
• Bad - worse - worst = Jelek - lebih jelek - paling jelek
• Little - less - least = Sedikit - lebih sedikit - paling sedikit
• Much - more - most = Banyak - lebih banyak - paling banyak
• Many - more - most = Banyak - lebih banyak - paling banyak
• Far - further/farther - furthest/farthest = Jauh - lebih jauh - paling jauh
• Dll

Contoh kalimat:

• He is good at tennis and he is the best player of the year.
  (Dia pandai bermain tenis dan dia adalah pemain tenis terbaik sepanjang tahun)
• The Simpsons gets more points than The Hunts does.
  (Keluarga Simpson memperoleh lebih banyak poin daripada keluarga Hunt)

6. Kata Sifat lainnya

Polite, quiet, wicked, pleasant, tired, cruel, stupid memiliki 2 jenis tingkat perbandingannya seperti yang berlaku pada kata sifat jenis no. 4. Namun, ada baiknya menggunakan more dan most untuk tingkat lebih dan tingkat paling-nya.
Contoh:

• Her sister behaves more politely than she does.
  (Adiknya lebih sopan daripada dia)
• She is the stupidest student in the class.
  (Dia adalah murid yang terbodoh di kelas itu)

7. Kata Sifat yang tidak dapat dibuat tingkat perbandingannya (Absolute Adjectives)

Untuk penjelasan ini, silahkan cari pada situs ini tentang Absolute Adjectives, yaitu kata sifat yang tidak dapat digunakan dalam bentuk Comparative dan Superlative.
Contoh:

• Wrong, right, single, empty, full, equal, correct, unique, universal, perfect, pregnant, dll.

Contoh:

• My bucket is emptier than his. (SALAH)
  (Ember saya lebih kosong daripada embernya)
• My bucket is empty but his's not.
  (Ember saya kosong tetapi embernya tidak)

DEGREE OF COMPARISON

1. Andi is 165 cm tall. Donna is 167 cm tall. So, Donna is _________ than Andi.

2. My father is 45 years old. My mother is 46 years old. So, My mother is _________

than my father.

3. A buffalo is big. But, an elephant is ________ than a cow.

4. Bengawan Solo river is long but Nil river is ________ than Bengawan Solo river.

5. Most students think Mathematic is ___________ than Social Science.

6. Roger is 12 years old. Danu is 15 years old. So, Roger is ______ than Danu.

7. A hill is __________ than a mountain.

8. A horse runs __________ than a goat.

9. A car’s price is usually __________ than a motorbike’s price.

10. The red jacket is 60,000 rupiahs. The blue jacket costs 75,000 rupiahs. The red jacket

is ________ than the blue jacket.

ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB

A. Definisi
Adjective : Kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun/pronoun.
Adverb : Kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan verb, adjective, dan adverb yang lain.
Example :
1. The train is fast. (Adjective)
2. The train runs fast. (Adverb)
B. Peletakan Adjective.
1. Adj + noun
Exp: Good boys.
2. *Indefinite pronoun + Adj
Exp: Something special.
3. S + to be/linking verb** + Adj
Exp: She is beautiful, She looks beautiful.
* Indenfinite Pronoun : someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, no body, nothing, everyone, everybody, everything.
** Linking Verb : appear, become, feel, look, remain (tetap), seem, sound, stay, taste, smell.
C. Peletakan Adverb.
1. Adv + S + V + O
Exp: Finally, he did it.
2. S + Adv + V + O
Exp: She always studies hard.
3. S + V + O + Adv
Exp: He went to school.
4. S + to be + Adv (nominal sentence)
Exp: We are at home.
5. Adv + adv/adj
Exp: So slow or so slowly.

ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB

1. He is a boy. (clever)

2. He is tired because he has worked . (hard)

3. He isn’t tired because he has worked. (hard)

4. She is a girl. (quiet)

5. She went to bed . (quiet)

6. He is not a good student but he writes . (good)

7. You should speak more . (soft)

8. The children behaved . (bad)

9. The brave men fought . (brave)

10. They lived together . (happy)